Why Northeastern U.S. Tornadoes Are Very Dangerous

     Recently, a major severe weather outbreak happened in the northeastern United States. In this out break, there were multiple tornadoes and five deaths. Compared to the rest of the meteorological season in the United States, there were more deaths from this one day, May 15, than any other outbreak so far. Why is it like this?
     First, the northeastern United States is a very densely populated area. Also, it is full of mountains, valleys and of course trees. These mountains can usually disrupt severe weather along with the cooler ocean waters. However, factors like the golf stream, hot spring days, and a more humid climate, the northeastern United States becomes a cooking pot for severe weather. On May 15, the weather started off with a perfect, sunny, humid, day creating instability and a false tranquility among people that the weather was good. However, by later on, the instability grew and as a result, severe weather was able to pop up. Straight line and rotational winds all toppled trees throughout roads and houses killing five people in the process. One thing in common though with all of these deaths was they were all most in vehicle and in the open. During these storms, vehicles turned out to be not good shelter at all. Actual buildings create more safety than a moving vehicle on a road full with trees on either side. However, this raises the question of why did has this been one of the most severe weather outbreaks in the U.S. this season so far?
 

(Photo from NBC Connecticut)

  For the rest of the U.S., it has been cooler than average. Temperatures 10-20 degrees below average in April along with cooler than average temperatures continuing onto May have bought less favorable conditions for severe weather to form there. A jet stream dip in the Central United States has also not allowed for warm, moist air to flow into the central United States. Without moisture and warm, humid air from the Gulf, severe weather has been rather quiet in the Central United States. Tornadoes when they do form in the central United States are much more common  making storm shelters common to find. Less trees and more drills for tornadoes make this area of the United States be able to respond quicker to tornadoes and have less deaths.
     Overall, tornadoes in the northeast are a variety, but when they do happen, they are very dangerous. With many trees and people in one area, deaths are very possible when tornadoes strike. With the rarity as it is of Northeastern United States tornadoes, people don't expect tornadoes there. Could this severe outbreak in the Northeast have been less deadly? It probably wouldn't have been with the sheer power of the severe weather. However, precautions like heaving tornado warnings and taking shelter in the closest building/ home and not in cars can help keep people safe.

Dry Air: The Killer to Storms

     Storm systems are often looked at for their possible precipitation totals. How strong a storm may become or where exactly it is going are often the first questions that are asked. However, the factors that go into answering these questions are the ones that are often overlooked at. One of these factors is dry air.
     When we first mention dry air, people may think of how it effects our skin, plants, and conditions we live in. It makes plants brittle and skin rough. When we look at many of our storm systems across the planet, we can find a similar comparison.  Dry air happens when the dew pint or humidity levels drop to low levels. As a result, storm systems like hurricanes, Nor'Eaters , tornadoes, and other weather phenomenons are often torn apart.
     When we look at recent Winter Storm Toby in the North East, many areas like New York City and Altoona PA got big snow totals, but other areas got little to none even with winter storm warnings issued. The reason, is not in the track, but in the dry air from a high pressure system. Any snow that went north of New York City quickly vaporized as it could not fall through dry air. The moisture gets sucked out to balance out the dry air. As a result, radar may show snow is falling in an area, but it is really only falling aloft and drying up as it falls.

(A part of the Northeastern United States getting clobbered by snow)

     In history, Toby was not the only storm system to have dry air be a factor. In the 2010 Atlantic Hurricane Season, many tropical storms were unable to form or strengthen because of dry air from the Sahara Desert. Tropical storms like Gaston and Collin in this season for example had a tough time in forming because of dry air wrapped into the storm causing it to lose the moisture it had.

(Sahara Desert)

     Historically, we can also look at the Indian Ocean to explain why there are very few named storms that strike the Middle East. There, much of the land is desert. As a result, dry air will impede lots of moisture and rain will not be able to fall as much. While we did have cyclones Chapala and Megh in 2015, it is a rarity that any others will form.

(Cyclone Chapala hitting Yemen)

     Dry air is just one of many factors that have to be looked beyond the radar. It often times will becomes the difference between a lot of precipitation or none. The question will always be asked how much rain or snow we will get. However, the questions asking what needs to come together will be the ones that ultimately need to be answered to answer many others.

Why there isn't many battles near the equator.

     Since the beginning of humans, there has always been confrontations. However, if we look at where these have happened, there has never been that many near where it is warmest; the equator. Disease, poor soil, crazy weather, and no advancement of civilization are all reasons, but how did these come to be?
     Climate. Right around the equator, it is always above freezing and life should be very prosperous because of this. It means many of our world's species and plants are here, but it also means many of our world's diseases come from here as well. This giant list of diseases includes malaria, dengue, leprosy, tuberculosis, West Nile virus, and so many more that just prosper. When many of the European countries first set up their colonies in the 16 through 18th centuries, they at first had the upper hand with their diseases they had bought with them. However, they never were able to somewhat prosper and adjust to this climate with monsoons and scorching temperatures. Even when resources like silver were found in the Andes mountains during this time, no country ever permanently settled it because of it's distance from Europe and little importance to strategy.

     With this unpredictable climate plague of disease, the equator seems to always be the spot to avoid. Only civilizations like the Incas have succeeded in building civilization,  but they were quickly dismayed by disease from Europe. After them, civilizations along the Equator never rose to high prominence in the world because they just could not catch up with how fast the rest of the world was advancing. They were too far behind. Monsoon seasons would often drench the soil making it hard to grow many crops native to North America and Europe. The equator may seem like a good warm spot of the world to always be, but it comes with many flaws.

The Mississippi Flood of 1927. Did we learn from it?

     The Mississippi River is one of the most mighty water systems in the entire world. It is the third longest river in the world behind the Amazon and the Nile. All water that flows into this water system covers over half of the land in the United States. Even though this is probably the most destructive flood of U.S. history, why does the U.S. still have very bad floods still?
     The year 2017 saw the most expensive flood yet in U.S. history with Hurricane Harvey. The year 2016 saw devastating floods in Baton Rogue Louisiana.the year 2005 saw days of flooding in New Orleans. The year 1927 saw the most destructive flood in U.S. history along the Mississippi River.
     That year 1927 was a major glimpse of what the mighty Mississippi can do. Over 600,000 people became homeless from this flood because of how much the mighty Mississippi was relied upon. People ended up building their houses in what were the low lands of the deep south right near the Mississippi. No one was able to prevent this from happening as the deep south still at the time was not the major manufacturing center like the northern United States. Farming was still the way of life and the Mississippi water system is what kept it going.

    (Cape Girardeau Missouri 1927)

     The U.S.went close to 80 years without a devastating flood like this. This may be by luck, but the U.S. figured out how to engineer levees and dams that were built to stop floods of that magnitude. However, history repeats itself, and people forget how destructive weather phenomenons like the Mississippi floods, earthquakes, or volcanic eruptions can be.
     With the 1927 Mississippi flood, the U.S. built levees in which the U.S. could to continue to live their way of life. It got slowly ignored, and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina flooding in New Orleans was a prime example of why everyone needs to be ready and alert for whatever weather phenomenon comes next. No one can ever tame mother nature, but one can lesson the impact from it.
   

Wildfires in the Western United States, why not the East?

     Ever since people have settled in the United States, wildfires have occurred numerous times. From the Washington D.C. blaze set off by the British, to the Chicago Wildfire of 1871, wildfires and fire in general have scorched many cities, forests, and towns. However, in the present, there has been mostly wildfires in the Western United States. The East has been free of them, but the West is not. Will the West ever being scorch free like the East?
     The western part of the United States has a much lower population density for mostly everywhere except California and a few major cities like Portland Oregon or Denver Colorado. However, there is plenty of forests and infrastructure that are flammable as a result. For example, the west did not start getting settled till 1850 and wasn't a frontier until 1890. Over half of the United States' National Parks are also located here in the West along with many U.S. National Forests and State Parks. A lot of the land outside of those major cities is not settled leading to many possibilities of wildfires.

     Secondly, only in these suburban areas is where many people settled as that was the land that wasn't rugged or extreme in weather phenomenons. These wildfires can then easily start and not stop as a result with the rugged terrain of the west. It makes it difficult for these firefighters to go up and down the rolling mountains of the west to continue to stop these wildfires. Not only that, but extreme winds high up in the mountains help spread these blazes that become hard to stop. In California right now, shifting Santa Anna winds from the Pacific help spread these blazes from one area to the next.
      The obvious reason for all of this however is the drought. All of the rain that we had in California last year hasn't happened since. As a result, a lot of the vegetation in the West is more vulnerable to wildfires and when they start, they become very hard to stop.

   
  So why not the East then? The eastern United States with the exception of the Appalachians has a very high population density. There are forests in this part of the country, but thanks to the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, this area does not go into droughts as often. There are not as many National and State Parks because the conservation movement did not start until the West was getting settled in the early 1900s.
     The Western United States may experience these wildfires often, but the natural geography and the natural weather phenomenons of the west all have led to why the West is more vulnerable to these than the East.

Hurricanes Season 2017. Worse than 2005?

     As we closed this hurricane season out yesterday, November 30, much of the world looks back and is thankful that it is done. 3 U.S. Category 4 hurricane landfalls in 2 months which include Harvey, Irma, and Maria, 10 straight hurricanes in the Atlantic, one category 1 land falling U.S. hurricane named Nate,  a hurricane named Ophelia that disrupted Ireland and the United Kingdom, and a total of 16 named storms. However, while many people think this is the worst hurricane season ever, is it really?

     Let's look back to the year 2005. All 21 names on the hurricane list and 7 more all had to be used for this record season. It even went two months beyond the normal Atlantic hurricane season!  One major hurricane of many that caused massive devastation was hurricane Katrina. This one caused $108 billion dollars in damage and actually made U.S. landfall not once, but twice in the United States. Hurricanes Cindy, Dennis, Rita, Ophelia, and Wilma were among the other hurricanes to strike the United States that year. Wilma, had been the strongest of these with over 180 mph winds. These hurricane names for the most part retired.  However, every 6 years, this particular name cycle is bought back with some of the different and same names and 2017 just so happened to be two cycles after 2005.

(Hurricane Harvey)

     2017's hurricane season was one of the most devastating and destructive seasons on record as we know. Compared to 2005, it had 12 fewer named storms, but for about a month and a half, it had recorded 10 straight hurricanes which tied a record for longest number of hurricanes in a row. It had the hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria all struck the U.S. within 3 weeks of each other. Irma, was the strongest of these with at one point close to 200 mph wind speeds! Harvey dumped over 45 inches of rain for a week in Texas, and hurricane Maria devastated the island Puerto Rico which still is in need of help to recover. Not to mention, there were other hurricanes like Nate, Jose, and Ophelia that all added damage to the U.S in Mississippi and Cape Cod, most of the Virgin Islands, Hispaniola, Central America, and Europe.
     2017 and 2005 hurricane seasons were both very costly hurricane seasons. However, 2017 proved to be more costly than 2005 with more than $200 billion dollars in damage compared to 2005 where there was $159 billion. Everyone looks at this season we just had and may say it was the worst ever, but looking back, you just can't compare. Harvey like Katrina caused massive flooding. Irma like Wilma caused massive wind damage. Cindy like Nate hitting the central Gulf coast as a category 1. Maria may have leveled Puerto Rico, but hurricanes Rita and Dennis also ravaged the U.S.
     You may be able to compare costs of hurricane seasons and say 2017 was worse than 2005. You may be able to compare sheer number of storms and say 2005 was worse than 2017. However, while these comparisons can be used, the one that counts the most is the loss of life. You can rebuild devastated areas, but you can't rebuild dead lives. For 2005 there were 3,913 deaths, but for 2017, there were only a bit above 100. 2017 may be the worst to all of us because it is in our most present memory, but we should never forget what the hurricane season of 2005 did.

   

Japan Weather Phenomenons: Earthquakes vs Typhoons

    For millions of years, Japan has been plagued by earthquakes and hurricanes. Just 6 years ago, one of the largest earthquakes in world history hit Japan at a 9.0 magnitude. Back in 2014, Typhoon Neoguri hit most of Japan with lots of rain, some wind, and large waves. However, if we look back in the past and in the present, you have to wonder, are the earthquakes worse for Japan or is it the typhoons?

     In the year 2017, earthquakes of magnitudes above 4.0 have been occurring almost on a daily basis in Japan. While in the U.S.A. it is a big deal to have even above a 3.0 earthquake, earthquakes around 4.0 are very common and almost felt all the time in Japan. Even though these may cause minor damage from time to time, most of the buildings in the area are built to be able to withstand earthquakes at this magnitude. However, earthquakes of big magnitude and tsunamis easily cause lots of damage. For example, in 2006, an earthquake around an 8.3 hit the Kuril Islands off Japan. It caused extensive damage not because of the earthquake itself, but the tsunami that bought large waves upwards of 30 ft near Japan's northern islands and even bought large waves to the United States in California. In 2003, another earthquake at an 8.3 magnitude hit Hokkaido Japan where it ravaged most of Japan because of the earthquake itself. There wasn't a huge tsunami like there was with the 2006 one, but it still bought 12-13 ft high waves to Japan. Earthquakes and tsunamis can be destructive, but what about the typhoons?

     Typhoons have hit Japan many times in the past whether it be directly or indirectly. However, many of the times, they are in weaker form from what they were further south in the Pacific Ocean. For example, Typhoon Lionrock, or to the Philippines, it is known as Typhoon Dindo, hit Japan and bought over 10 inches of rain to parts of Japan. It was in weakened form and did not cause much wind damage but lots of flooding was caused. However, Japan did get hit in 1959 by Typhoon Vera which bought 160 mph winds, 14 ft waves, and rainfall amounts over 10 inches. This typhoon was one of the few to be a super typhoon or a major hurricane to hit Japan in history as Japan is north enough to not be ravaged usually by strong, powerful super typhoons. 

     Overall, earthquakes  seem to be the most destructive to Japan rather than earthquakes. The earthquakes are much more consistent than the typhoons and every five years or so, a big earthquake causes extensive damage. However, when a big typhoon like Vera hits again, Japan needs to be prepared. 

Cyclones and Bangladesh. Why are they so destructive?

     Throughout the year 2017, cyclones have ravaged parts of Madagascar and Australia. Both of these countries have had their own long histories with tropical cyclones. However, Bangladesh, another country on the Indian Ocean, has also had it's own history of tropical cyclones including Cyclone Mora. While Cyclone Mora, a storm with near 75 mph winds, may not have been as powerful as Cyclone Debbie that hit Australia with near 160 mph winds, it still caused extensive rainfalls and some winds that bought Bangladesh down. However, the question is why does a category 1 storm cause 500,000 people to be displaced with around 3 people killed while a category 1 storm elsewhere causes less?
   
     Well, there are many factors that cause Bangladesh to cripple when cyclones come. One of these is that the geography of Bangladesh is very low level with lots of water and rivers in it. In fact the Ganges river empties out pretty much in Bangladesh and makes it almost like a delta. There are no high mountains in Bangladesh that greatly weaken the cyclone after landfall. The area as a result is prone to heavy rains and heavy flooding because of this geography. While people may not have to worry about mudslides, flooding is very potent, especially in the monsoon season. In fact, this monsoon season from June to October brings about 1600 mm (about 62 inches) of rain in the monsoon season alone! This makes it hard for people to rebuild before the next monsoon season comes because just when one thinks he or she is okay, a huge rainstorm would come on through and flood their homes again.

(Video From Mint, a user on Youtube)

     The geography and the monsoon seasons do play huge roles into why Bangladesh hasn't been able to build infrastructure capable of protecting themselves from these floods. However, a huge population in Bangladesh with such a small area makes these statistics from these cyclones be so bad. It is a small country with millions of people in it and when an evacuation happens from a storm, people have very few options on where to go. The infrastructure as well as a result of this consistent monsoon season with many cyclones takes a beating and can't ever be built well because shelter has to be built very quickly so people can have it when the next storm comes a few days later.
     Besides this, Bangladesh has had a history of bad cyclones that have ravaged their land. Just last year, Cyclone Roanu caused severe damage like that of cyclone Mora with around 75 mph winds and lots of rain. This cyclone still had it's effects still potent in Bangladesh today, and Cyclone Mora continued them. However, the worst tropical disturbance for Bangladesh was the 1991 Bangladesh cyclone that bought 155 mph winds and rainfall over 10 inches that killed 135,000 people in one storm. This storm was one of the worst cyclones in weather history not only because of its' 155 mph winds and over 10 inches of rain amounts, but just the sheer amount of deaths that happened from it.

 
  If you thought that storm was bad, the Bhola cyclone of 1970 was even worse with near 500,000 people killed, over 145 mph winds, and rainfall totals over 12 inches. This storm statistically speaking is the worst tropical cyclone in all time.
     Overall, there is actually many more cyclones that have ravaged Bangladesh like Cyclone Sidr, Aillia,and Cyclone Akash. If one thought that this cyclone that recently hit Bangladesh was bad, then one really needs to remember it can always be worse.
Next Post: June 19

How the Great Hurricane of 1900 helped Galveston Texas.

     This hurricane that hit Galveston Texas in 1900 proved to be one of the deadliest storms in world history. It killed near 10,000 people in the Galveston Texas area, flooded all buildings in Galveston, and destroyed almost everything in sight. It bought 145 mph winds, heavy storm surge, and flooding rains that made Galveston Texas look like a ghost town after the storm. Worst of all, it came without warning.
     However, out of all this, how in the world could this have helped Galveston Texas? While there was a lot of the money that put Galveston into further debt, most of it was actually issued to make the impact of a hurricane less and prevent another tragedy like the hurricane of 1900 from happening. The best idea of all this rebuilding was an 18 ft tall seawall put in for Galveston. This seawall prevented waves and storm surge up to that height from extensively flooding the city. Also, this seawall project raised the city of Galveston as a whole and made it almost twenty feet higher in elevation. At the time, Galveston was only 9 ft above sea level. With this tall storm wall and raising of the city, the city now stands over 20 ft tall.
     However, many hurricanes have challenged this sea wall in the past. Hurricanes like the ones in 1961 and 1983 were very powerful and caused lots of damage, but didn't heavily flood the city. Hurricane Ike in 2008 was a near category 3 hurricane that bought 160 mph hurricane equivalent storm surge going over the 18 ft sea wall. While it caused lots of damage to buildings and killed 117 people in the U.S., compared to that of the 1900 hurricane, it wasn't the worst hurricane ever for Galveston Texas  thanks to modern warning systems and technology.

 If all of these storms had come without that sea wall in Galveston Texas, then there would be many more deaths and much more catastrophic destruction that would have made people want to move away and leave Galveston Texas a forgotten city.
     Today, many cities along the coastlines face this same decision that Galveston faced in 2008. Should they raise the city and make a sea wall with heavy monetary costs? While rising sea levels is a big issue today, dealing with hurricanes and how to prepare these cities for them is much more important as Hurricanes like Katrina and Sandy have shown. Galveston is a great example of making changes to stop weather phenomenons like hurricanes from killing many innocent lives; and many other cities should make big changes like Galveston did to save lives today and in the future.

War of 1812: British Victory instead? How?

     The war of 1812 for America had a final end result of both sides, the Americans and British, no gains or losses of any territories from before the war. However, what if the Americans and British didn't tie up/ How would that have happened?
     Well, one major event that did change the war was the tornado that hit Washington D.C. This tornado and severe weather hit Washington D.C. the day after the British started setting fire to important buildings like the Library Of Congress. The fires however grew too much and were going to start putting people's private properties ablaze which the British didn't want to do. Luckily, these tornadoes and severe weather stopped the fires for the British while at the same time wreaking havoc among the British soldiers moving out of D.C. It weakened the morale of the British army to fight while also destroying artillery and major supplies that the British needed to fight the war. Many British were also killed when buildings were lifted off the ground and were leveled as some of the British took shelter in them. this forced the occupation of Washington to be cut short.

     However, what if this severe weather didn't happen? Could the outcome of the war changed? It probably most certainly would have. no severe weather or tornadoes would have let the fires continue tog row and burn all types of buildings. The British would have been successful with their occupation of Washington D.C., and the war would have become a much bigger and costly war for both sides. The British would then inflicted more of heavy losses at Fort McHenry, and perhaps our own national anthem would have not come from there as a result. General William Henry Harrison then would have possibly had to fight more than just an invasion into Canada.
     Overall, the severe weather that hit Washington D.C. saved the Americans and even the British as private property wasn't ravaged. The British then did not have to deal with a larger confrontation from people who lived on private properties and had their houses burned by the British. Severe weather here, depending on your point of view, proves that it can be helpful and not always destructive.
Next Post: May 21

What if there was no San Fransisco Earthquake of 1906?

     Just this past week, on April 18, 2017, it was the 111th anniversary of the powerful San Fransisco Earthquake of 1906. It was a 7.8 magnitude earthquake that seemed to do the destruction of an even higher magnitude earthquake. While sources from 1906 say only 800 at the most had died from this earthquake, it did level hundreds of buildings in the San Francisco area and the fires from broken gas lines led to engulfing fires that destroyed most of what was left of the city.

     However, what if none this earthquake actually didn't happen? Would our perception of what earthquakes can do change or our knowledge on earthquakes, especially on the San Andres Fault area?
     Well, we first need to take a look at what we gained and lost from this earthquake. For one of the few gains and most important ones from this earthquake, we were able to define the Elastic-Rebound Theory that defines earthquakes still today. This, founded by Henry Fielding Reid and according to this website , states that as rocks along both sides of a fault shift, form, and slightly move, energy from these actions is formed and causes these fault lines to a very slow rate change form until the internal strength within the fault line is exceeded.  It also, in a way, led to the creation of the golden Gate Bridge and what it is today. Because of that earthquake in 1906, builders of the Golden Gate bridge had to make it sustain powerful and destructive earthquakes.
     With this earthquake, there were many losses including destruction of the San Francisco city hall, destruction of hundreds of buildings, losses of almost 800 people, and many years of rebuilding to get the city back up. It cost lots of money to do this, but in the end, some of the rebuilding helped San Fransisco make more potent buildings capable of dealing with earthquakes today. However, there is still a great number of buildings that aren't sufficient to deal with earthquakes like that of 1906 even today.
     Now, if there was no earthquake of 1906, we would have not lost many innocent lives or many historical buildings from that time that we could preserve today. However, Henry Fielding Reid may not have made his elastic rebound theory as a result and vital knowledge of earthquakes would have not been found for years to come. The Golden Gate bridge might have also been around, but it would have been much weaker and more susceptible to earthquakes like the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake and any in the future.

(Oakland Bay Bridge Collapse)

     Overall, the San Fransisco earthquake of 1906 was needed in order for California and the rest of the world to be aware of what earthquakes can do, how they function, and how to make infrastructure capable of withstanding them. Without this earthquake, many lives would be saved in 1906, but would the number of lives saved be worth it in the next 111 years that lead up to today?

Easter, The One Holiday That Severe Weather Happens Somwhere

    Any date from March 22- April 25, is when Easter can be. For that range of over a month, there is  the possibility of rain or snow in not only North America, but also Europe.
     In North America, just last year the U.S.A. experienced very severe thunder storms with near baseball size hail . These thunder storms bought lots of wind, lightning, and even a few tornadoes that flattened parts of towns.

     In this year too, the southern U.S. also had severe thunderstorms where damaging winds, hail and tornadoes caused destructive damage too. What is it with this destructive weather on Easter in the United States?

     Well, for one, Easter is in the early spring, a time close to prime for severe weather, especially in the southern United States. For the United States, warm fronts come through during the spring time and allow for almost summer like temperatures to come. Moisture from the gulf of Mexico enhances the area after the warm front crosses and the cold front crosses causing rain and strong to severe thunderstorms that can be destructive and cause lots of flooding especially right after the spring melt of the winter snow further north.

     In England, stormy weather this last year for Easter had also caused problems, but certainly not as bad as the United States. Los of rain over a period of a few days in northern England especially caused some flooding with rainfall totals near 50mm or 2 inches. This rainfall weren't the only issue as especially along the coast, strong winds caused minor tree damage and major airport delays. This storm system would have been ok to deal with a week later than Easter, but with millions of people in England traveling for the Easter holiday, it caused major travel problems and headaches.

     Easter weather in history throughout Europe and the United States can be a major problem with severe weather and torrential rains. However, even with this severe weather, most people can agree on one thing; at least it isn't snow. Just watch out next year when Easter is on April 1 in 2018. 

The Australian Cyclones. How bad are they?

March 27, 2017, tropical cyclone Debbie had hit Australia with close to 160 mph winds and bought lots of destruction to north eastern Australia. Over 52,000 were still without power three days after the storm. About 500 mm or about a half a meter of rain at the minimum fell in most of the area hit by Debbie. This rain has caused terrential floods and even has bought sharks into the streets in which no one sees everyday. While this was a tremendously strong storm in the first place, it raises the question of how bad has it been for Australia with cyclones?

                                    If we look back in history, there has been many cyclones that have hit Australia. There has been so many that are as strong or even stronger than Debbie. For example,  Cyclone Tracy, in the year 1974, 71 people were killed by the cyclone that bought lots of rain and close to 155mph or 250km per hour winds. It came right around Christmas time, and over 24,000 people were homeless after wards in northern Australia. Another bad cyclone was cyclone Ingrid in 2005 which didn't get that close to Australia to cause severe impacts. One thing about this storm may not be what it did, but how in the Atlantic Ocean there was a powerful hurricane named Ingrid that impacted Mexico as well. That raises the question that is should we have the same named retired in both the south pacific and Atlantic as you can see these two storms both named Ingrid caused huge impacts. However, these storms compared to the massive cyclone of 1899 that affected Australia are still not the worst Australia has seen. This cyclone named Mahina came right across northern Australia at Bathrust bay and killed over 400 people. A whole pearling fleet of 50 ships was destroyed from this storm and could not make it back to shore. Some Aborigines were also killed while trying to save some of the people or just by this unexpected storm in general. Radar at the time would have helped greatly decrease the number of deaths from this storms as the Great Galveston hurricane of 1900 also proved in the U.S.A.
    
The list of cyclones go's on and on for Australia, but it is safe to say that Australia has about as worse of a hurricane season or even worse hurricane season than the U.S.A., Mexico, and the Caribbean. Australia is just about as bad as Madagascar almost, but that is also true because of the greater amount of people affected by Australian cyclones compared to that of Madagascar. A cyclone is never any breeze; and anyone who has lived and been in the impact of a hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone can most likely say the same.

Mini Ice Age 1816-1817, What if it didn't happen?

Global warming. This issue has been shown to be true and false since the late 20th century. However, has the term global cooling ever been used. Well, in history, it hasn't bee prevalent, but there are a few times in history where we have wondered is the Earth going to warm up? Well, in the years from 1816 to about 1818, winter was in full control. A huge volcanic eruption at mount Tambora in 1815 and in Indonesia that became the reason for this as global temperatures throughout the Earth stayed very below average throughout Europe and North America. The eruption was so big that it blackened or blocked some of the sun rays from getting into the earth causing very below average temperatures. Only in the month of July from places from England, France, to North America was there never any temperatures below the freezing mark. For the month of August alone, North America had freezes from Quebec to Washington D.C. while Europe had freezes right around the same time that hindered crop growth. Some might ask why didn't they plant crops earlier in the season, but that wasn't a possibility as freezes from the winter of 1815-1816 extended all the way to very late May or even early June as snow still sometimes fell. All of these freezes and early  snowfalls led to food shortages and people freezing to death as winters around this time were even harsher with highs and lows very close to if not like that of Siberia Russia or Alaska in the United States. These highs ranged from -5 Celsius to as low as -40 Celsius. This mini ice age cause many problems throughout Europe and North America as economies still mainly run on agriculture went down.






 However, what if this mini ice age didn't happen; would the world have done better? Well, there would have been better food production and higher temperatures that would have helped these European countries and the USA possibly industrialize and advance or recover further, especially after Napoleon's destruction of Europe along with France's own destruction. With England, they might have been able to profit more from Canada with an above average 1816-1819 which could have led to more of a reliance for England on Canada as a good economic booster and not a cold, frigid tundra. France could have been able to have more say in it's colony's and colonial areas that it still had as well with a better economy in France.

   All of these are major factors into figuring out if the year without a summer could have done if it was a year with a summer. Some could say that this year without a summer hit France very hard because of Napoleon himself and his belligerent ways of conquering and running over all of Europe for himself so France could run Europe. Some might see this year without a summer as payback to France. The year without a summer hindered everyone and everything in the world with the huge problem of a mini ice age. Now, this problem has shifted to being the heat age in which we don't know if it is mini or huge. One thing for sure, you will need to stay cool and stay warm for whatever comes your way as mother nature has a mind of it's own.